Organic Spotting (For Undergraduate Chemistry Students)

Identification of organic compounds is an important part of Chemistry. The chemical methods of analysis are widely used to train the students to approach a given problem in a systematic and logical way. This book has been written for students of undergraduate classes in chemistry at different universities in India. A systematic scheme used for the analysis has been given in detailed and simplified manner. It includes physical properties, detection of extra elements, determination of nature, unsaturation, functional group, melting point/boiling point of compound and confirmatory tests. Preparation of derivatives of different classes of compounds has been given in detail. Answers to some frequently arising questions have been included for the better understanding of the students. Details of chemistry, important precautions to be observed and reactions taking place have been given along with the experiment to emphasise their importance. Annexure 1 includes model analysis and Annexure 2 includes notes on the preparation of special reagents used commonly in the laboratory.

Contents –

1. Introduction
2. Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds
1. Physical Properties
2. Tests for Detection of Aromatic/ Aliphatic Nature (Carbon Content)
3. Detection of Extra Elements
4. Nature of Compound (Acidic, Basic or Neutral)
5. Tests for Unsaturation in Compounds
3. Functional Group Analysis
Test for Individual Functional Groups
Group I: C, H, (O)
I A: Acidic
1. Carboxylic Acids
2. Phenols
I B: Neutral
1. Test for Aldehydes and Ketones (Common)
2. Test for Alcohols
3. Test for Esters
4. Test for Carbohydrates
5. Test for Hydrocarbons
Group II: C, H, N, (O)
II A: Acidic
1. Nitrophenols
2. Nitrocarboxylic Acids
II B: Basics
1. Amines
II C: Neutral
1. Test for Nitro-compounds: R-NO2
2. Test for Amides: R-CONH2
3. Test for Anilides: R-CONHC6H5
Group III: C, H, N, S, (O)
III A: Acidic
1. Nitro-sulphonic Acids
2. Amino-sulphonic Acids
III B: Neutral
1. Thiourea Derivatives
Group IV: C, H, X, (O) (X-Cl, Br, I)
IV A: Acidic
1. Halogen Substituted Carboxylic Acid
2. Halogen Substituted Phenols
IV B: Neutral
4. Determination of Melting Point and Boiling Point
5. Confirmatory Tests
Group I: C, H, (O) (Acidic)
Carboxylic Acids
Phenols
Group I: C, H, (O), (Neutral)
Aldehydes
Ketones
Quinones
Alcohols
Esters
Carbohydrates
Hydrocarbons
Group II: C, H, N, (O) (Acidic)
Nitrophenols
Nitrocarboxylic Acids
Group II: C, H, N, (O) (Basic)
Primary Amines
Secondary Amines
Tertiary Amines
Nitro-anilines
Group II: C, H, N, (O) (Neutral)
Nitro-Hydrocarbons
Amides
Anilides
Group III: C, H, (O), N, S (Acidic)
Group III: C, H, (O), N, S (Neutral)
Group III: C, H, (O), N, X (Halogens)
A. Chlorine Containing Compounds
B. Bromine Containing Compounds
C. Iodine Containing Compounds
6. Preparation of Derivatives
1. Derivative of Carboxylic Acid
2. Derivative of Alcohol
3. Derivative of Phenol
4. Derivative of Aldehyde and Ketones
5. Derivative of Carbohydrates
6. Derivative of Ester
7. Derivative of Hydrocarbon
8. Derivative of Nitro-Hydrocarbon
9. Derivative of Amines
10. Derivative of Amides
7. Questions and Answers
Annexure I: Model Analysis
Annexure II: Preparation of Reagents
Figure for Melting Point and Boiling Point Apparatus