Genetics and heredity are fundamental pillars of biology, explaining how living organisms inherit traits and how variations arise across generations. Laboratory Exercises on Genetics and Heredity is designed to help students visualize these concepts and appreciate the principles underlying gene interactions, character expression, and chromosomal behaviour. Through hands-on activities, learners explore the fascinating world of DNA, genes, and inheritance, making abstract concepts more meaningful and accessible.
This practical book is prepared in accordance with the University of Mumbai Semester IV Zoology Minor Syllabus, based on the NEP 2020 framework for the academic year 2025–2026. It has been carefully curated to meet the needs of undergraduate learners by bridging theoretical understanding with experimental application. Each exercise is structured to strengthen conceptual clarity while developing essential laboratory skills such as observation, data interpretation, and analytical thinking. Learning in Action sections at the end of each practical provide opportunities for reflection, encouraging students to connect laboratory outcomes with broader themes in medicine, agriculture, biodiversity, and everyday life.
To support the study of idiograms, a set of karyotype plates is provided at the end of the book. Students may use these plates to identify chromosomal structures, recognise variations, practise arranging chromosomes systematically, and interpret karyotypes in relation to genetic traits and abnormalities. These exercises are aimed at building confidence in analysing chromosomal patterns and understanding their implications.
Contents –
1. Observation of Barr Bodies – Staining and Mounting
2. Mounting of Polytene Chromosomes from Salivary Glands of Chironomus Larvae
3. Study of Mitotic Index
4. Identification of Blood Groups
5. Problems Based on Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Test Cross and Back Cross
6. Determination of Linkage and Crossover Analysis
7. Identification and Preparation of Idiograms – Normal Male and Female
8. Identification and Preparation of Idiograms in Human Chromosomal Disorders
9. Pedigree Analysis – Identification of Symbols and Problems
10. Interpretation of Genetic Formulae – Deletion, Duplication, Inversion and Translocation
11. Submission of Report on Inheritance of Suitable Genetic Traits in Humans. (E.g. Rolling of Tongue, Attached Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak, Etc.)
Glossary
