We are pleased to present the book, Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology-I, tailored for B. Pharm First Semester students in alignment with the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) curriculum and the tenets of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This book has been meticulously crafted in accordance with the most recent curriculum established for the Bachelor of Pharmacy course to fulfil the academic needs of pharmacy students and to provide a robust foundation in biomedical sciences. The examination of Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology is the foundation of pharmaceutical education. A comprehensive knowledge of the normal anatomy and physiology of the human body, as well as the causes of illness, is crucial for understanding pharmacological effects, treatment strategies, and patient management. This discipline connects fundamental biological sciences with clinical pharmacy, allowing students to understand the scientific foundations of health and illness. This book emphasises conceptual comprehension, critical analysis, and application-focused learning, in accordance with the transdisciplinary and outcome-oriented framework promoted by NEP 2020. The material has been carefully organised and presented in an accessible way to enhance understanding. Each chapter is crafted to elucidate core ideas clearly, including pertinent clinical connections and pathological elements as needed. The book thoroughly encompasses the designated curriculum, which includes Introduction to Human Body, Homeostasis, Cellular Organisation, Tissues, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Joints, Muscular System, Body Fluids and Blood, Lymphatic System, Inflammation and Repair, Haematological Disorders, Peripheral Nervous System, Special Senses, Cardiovascular System, and associated Pathophysiological Conditions. A variety of diagrams, flowcharts, tables, pictures, and summary points have been included to improve comprehension and memory of essential topics. Significant efforts have been undertaken to provide the curriculum in a simplified but scientifically precise way appropriate for first-semester pharmacy students. The incorporation of learning goals, chapter summaries, key definitions, and examination focused material will facilitate students’ successful preparation for university and competitive tests. We really anticipate that this publication will function as a significant resource for students, educators, and pharmaceutical practitioners. Constructive feedback from readers for the enhancement of future editions will be greatly valued and recognised with gratitude. We extend our sincere appreciation to all scholars, colleagues, students, and supporters whose encouragement and assistance have facilitated the creation of this book.
Contents –
Unit I
1.1 Introduction to Human Body
1.1.1 Cellular and Tissue Level of Organisation
1.1.2 Physiology
1.1.3 Pathophysiology
1.1.4 Levels of Structural Organisation and Body Systems
1.1.5 Basic Life Processes
1.1.6 Homeostasis
1.1.7 Basic Anatomical Terminologies
1.1.8 Structure and Functions of the Cell
1.1.9 TransportAcross the Cell Membrane
1.1.10 Cell Division
1.1.11 Cell Junctions
1.1.12 General Principles of Cell Communication, Forms of Intracellular Signalling
1.1.13 Classification of Tissues, Structure, Location and Functions of Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous and Connective Tissues
1.2 Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptation
1.2.1 Components and Types of Feedback Systems
1.2.2 Causes of Cellular Injury
1.2.3 Pathogenesis of Cell Injury (Cell Membrane Damage, Mitochondrial Damage, Ribosome Damage and Nuclear Damage)
1.2.4 Morphology of Cell Injury – Adaptive Changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia)
1.2.5 Cell Swelling
1.2.6 IntracellularAccumulation and Cell Death
1.2.7 Definitions of Commonly used Relevant Medical Terminologies
Unit II
2.1 Integumentary System andWound Healing
2.1.1 Structure and Functions of Skin
2.1.2 Skin Disorders: Psoriasis, Dermatitis and Pathophysiology of Leprosy
2.1.3 Basic Principles ofWound Healing
2.2 Skeletal System and Joints
2.2.1 Divisions of Skeletal System
2.2.2 Types of Bones
2.2.3 Salient Features and Functions of Bones of the Axial and Appendicular Skeletal System
2.2.4 Organisation of Skeletal Muscle
2.2.5 Physiology of Muscle Contraction
2.2.6 Neuromuscular Junction
2.2.7 Structural and Functional Classification of Joints
2.3 Diseases of Bones and Joints
2.3.1 Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Gout
Unit III
3.1 Body Fluids, Blood and Lymphatic System
3.1.1 Body Fluids
3.1.2 Composition of Blood
3.1.3 Functions of Blood
3.1.4 Hemopoiesis (Haematopoiesis)
3.1.5 Formation of Haemoglobin
3.1.6 Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation
3.1.7 Blood Grouping
3.1.8 Rh Factors and Blood Transfusion
3.1.9 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
3.1.10 Lymphatic Vessels
3.1.11 Formation of Lymph
3.1.12 Circulation of Lymph
3.1.13 Functions of the Lymphatic System
3.2 Basic Mechanism of Inflammation and Repair
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Classification of Inflammation
3.2.3 Pathophysiology of Inflammation
3.2.4 Mediators of Inflammation
3.3 Haematological Diseases
3.3.1 Pathophysiology of Iron Deficiency
3.3.2 Megaloblastic Anaemia (Vit B12 and Folic Acid)
3.3.3 Pathophysiology of Sickle Cell Anaemia
3.3.4 Pathophysiology of Thalassemia
3.3.5 Hereditary andAcquired Anaemia
3.3.6 Haemophilia
Unit IV
4.1 Peripheral Nervous System
4.1.1 Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System
4.1.2 Structure and Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System
4.1.3 Structure and Function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
4.1.4 Origin and Functions of Spinal Nerves
4.1.5 Origin and Functions of Cranial Nerves
4.2 Special Senses
4.2.1 Structure and Functions of the Eye (Organ of Vision)
4.2.2 Structure and Functions of Ear (Organ of Hearing and Equilibrium)
4.2.3 Structure and Functions of Nose (Organ of Smell)
4.2.4 Structure and Functions of Tongue (Organ of Taste)
4.2.5 Pathophysiology of Special Sense Disorders – Glaucoma
4.2.6 Cataract
4.2.7 Myopia
4.2.8 Otitis Externa
4.2.9 Otitis Media
4.2.10 Vertigo
4.2.11 Anosmia
Unit V
5.1 Cardiovascular System
5.1.1 Anatomy of the Heart
5.1.2 Blood Circulation
5.1.3 Blood Vessels
5.1.4 Structure and Functions of Arteries
5.1.5 Structure and Functions of Veins
5.1.6 Structure and Functions of Capillaries
5.1.7 Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart
5.1.8 Heartbeat and its regulation by Autonomic Nervous System
5.1.9 Cardiac Output and Cardiac Cycle
5.1.10 Regulation of Blood Pressure
5.1.11 Pulse
5.1.12 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
5.1.13 Hypertension
5.1.14 CardiacArrhythmias
5.1.15 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
5.1.16 Ischemic Heart Disease