Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the interdisciplinary branch for botany, zoology and chemistry. The students of these subjects have biochemistry in their course curriculum. The New Education Policy has introduced Multidisciplinary Course curriculum in which students of any discipline can learn the concepts of biochemistry. They need to understand the principles and concepts in this subject. The knowledge of chemistry with biological interpretations is most vital. This book is intended to fulfil all these aspects for a learner.

The first edition of this book will be immensely helpful for these students and also cater the needs of aspirants for various competitive examinations. ‘Biochemistry’ not only provides information and concepts but also give a prelude to biology students for their insight into the biochemical calculations for various purposes.

Contents –

1. Metal Ions in Biology
1. Introduction
2. Minerals in Living Systems
2.1 Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)
2.2 Magnesium (Mg)
2.3 Calcium (Ca)
2.4 Copper (Cu)
2.5 Iron (Fe)
2.6 Zinc (Zn)
2.7 Cobalt (Co)
2.8 Molybdenum (Mo)
3. Metal Deficiency Disorders in Living Organisms
4. Passive and Active Transport
4.1 Passive Transport
4.2 Active Transport
4.3 Na+-K+ Pump

2. Chemistry of Porphyrin
1. Introduction
2. Biosynthesis of Porphyrins
2.1 Only Three Porphyrins are Clinically Significant in Humans
3. Heme
3.1 Haemoglobin
3.2 Myoglobin
4. Oxygen Dissociation Curve
4.1 Foetal Haemoglobin (HbF)
4.2 High Altitude
4.3 Bohr Effect
5. Cytochromes
5.1 Cytochrome c
5.2 Cytochrome 450
5.3 Cytochrome Oxidase
6. Non-heme Iron-Sulphur (Fe-S) Electron Carriers
6.1 Rubredoxin
6.2 Ferredoxin (Fd)
6.3 Non-heme Oxygen Carriers
7. Hemerythrin
8. Hemocyanin
9. Siderophores
10. Ferritin
11. Transferrin

3. Chemistry of Photosynthesis
1. Introduction
2. Photosynthetic Pigments
3. Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation (Light Reaction)
3.1 Light Harvesting
3.2 Photochemistry of Light Reaction
3.3 Photolysis of Water
3.4 Q Cycle
4. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
5. Differences between Cyclic Photophosphorylation and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
6. Calvin Cycle (C3 Cycle)-Dark Reaction
6.1 Carboxylation Phase
6.2 Reduction Phase
6.3 Regeneration Phase

4. Biomolecular Catalysis
1. Metal Activated Enzymes
2. Metalloenzymes
2.1 Carboxypeptidase
2.2 Carbonic Anhydrase
2.3 Blue and Non-blue Oxidases
2.4 Superoxide Dismutase
2.5 Catalases
2.6 Peroxidases
3. Structure and Biological Function of Molybdenum Nitrogenase

5. Bio-Organic Chemistry
1. Proximity Effect and Molecular Adaptation
1.1 Bio-isosterism
2. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
2.1 Acid-Base Catalysis
2.2 Covalent Catalysis
2.3 Metal-Ion Catalysis
3. Chymotrypsin
3.1 Mechanism of Action of Chymotrypsin
4. RNase A (Ribonuclease A)
4.1 Acid/base Catalysis Reaction of RNase A
4.2 Applications of RNase A
4.3 Mechanism of Action of RNase A
5. Lysozyme
5.1 Mechanism of Action
6. Biological Significance of Coenzymes
6.1 Coenzyme A (C21H36N7O16P3S)
6.2 Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
6.3 Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)-(C8H10NO6P)
7. Structure and Biological Function of Cofactors
7.1 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)
7.2 NADP+
7.3 FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)
7.4 Lipoic Acid
7.5 Vitamin B12
8. Mechanism of Reactions Catalysed by Cofactors
8.1 Nucleophilic Displacement on Phosphorous Atom
8.2 Coupling of ATP Cleavage to Endergonic Processes
8.3 Transfer of Sulphate
8.4 Addition and Elimination Reactions
8.5 Enolic Intermediates in Isomerisation Reactions
8.6 Isomerisation Reaction
8.7 Carboxylation and Decarboxylation Reactions
8.8 Decarboxylation

6. Metabolism of Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates
1.1 Digestion
1.2 Absorption and Transportation
1.3 Digestion, Absorption and Transportation of Proteins
1.4 Digestion, Absorption and Transportation of Lipids
1.5 Lipid Absorption
2. Metabolism of Carbohydrates
2.1 Pay off Phase
3. Essential Concepts
3.1 Overview of Glycolysis
3.2 The Reactions of Glycolysis
3.3 Fermentation: The Anaerobic Fate of Pyruvate
3.4 Control of Glycolysis
3.5 Regulation of Glycolysis
4. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
4.1 G-6-PD
4.2 Biological Significance of Pentose Phosphate Pathway
4.3 Regulation
5. The Glycerol-phosphate Shuttle
6. Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
7. Overview of Shuttle System
8. Linking Reaction
8.1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
9. Tri-Carboxylic Acid Cycle
9.1 Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle
9.2 Steps Involved in the Citric Acid Cycle
9.3 Regulation of TCA Cycle
9.4 Anaplerotic Reactions
9.5 Amphibolic Nature of TCA Cycle
9.6 Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
10. Structure of Mitochondria
10.1 NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)
10.2 Coenzyme Q
10.3 Succinate Dehydrogenase (Complex II)
10.4 Coenzyme Q-dependent Cytochrome c Reductase (Complex III)
10.5 Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV)
10.6 Proton Pumping
10.7 ATP Synthase (Complex V)
11. Rotational Catalysis and ATP Generation
12. Gluconeogenesis
12.1 Gluconeogenesis from Lactate (Cori Cycle)
12.2 Significance of Gluconeogenesis
13. Glycogenolysis
14. Blood Glucose Metabolism
14.1 Blood-Glucose Equilibrium

7. Lipids, Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Metabolism
1. Lipids
1.1 Some Representative Lipids
1.2 Fatty Acid Metabolism
1.3 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
1.4 Notes
2. Amino Acid Metabolism
2.1 Amino Acids Nature and Structures
2.2 Metabolism of Amino Acid
2.3 Transamination and Deamination of Proteins
2.4 Deamination of Amino Acids
2.5 Nitrogen Balance
3. Protein Biosynthesis
3.1 Activation of Amino Acids
3.2 Charging of tRNA
3.3 Activation of Ribosomes
3.4 Assembly of Amino Acids (Polypeptide Formation)
4. Cholesterol, Phospholipids and Lipoproteins
4.1 Cholesterol
4.2 Phospholipids
4.3 Lipoproteins
4.4 TG-Triglycerides
5. Energy Metabolism
6. Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
6.1 Carbohydrates
6.2 Fats
6.3 Protein
7. Calorific Value