This book is a comprehensive guide to understand the need of cyber security and its impact. It traces the evolution of security in the digital age and highlights the challenges posed by growing online threats. Further it explores how individuals, organisations, and governments can protect themselves in the connected world. It emphasises the importance of laws, regulations, and ethical practices in creating a safe digital environment. The book provides a holistic perspective on cyber security and aims to empower readers with the knowledge and confidence to navigate the digital world responsibly and securely.
Contents –
1. IMPORTANCE OF CYBER SECURITY IN TODAY’S DIGITAL WORLD
1.1 Definition
1.1.1 The CIA Triad
1.1.1.1 Confidentiality
1.1.1.2 Integrity
1.1.1.3 Availability
1.2 History of Cyber Security
1.2.1 Early Beginnings (1950s-1970s)
1.2.2 Rise of Network Security (1980s)
1.2.3 The Internet Era (1990s)
1.2.4 Modern Cyber Security (2000s-Present)
1.2.5 The Future of Cyber Security
1.3 Core Components of Cyber Security
1.3.1 Network Security
1.3.1.1 Core Aspects of Network Security
1.3.2 Data Security
1.3.2.1 Key Components of Data Security
1.3.2.2 Threats to Information Security
1.3.2.3 Importance of Data Security in Cybersecurity
1.3.3 Endpoint Security
1.3.3.1 Importance of Endpoint Security
1.3.3.2 Key Components of Endpoint Security
1.3.3.3 Common Endpoint Security Threats
1.3.3.4 Best Practices for Effective Endpoint Security
1.3.4 Application Security
1.3.4.1 Importance of Application Security
1.3.4.2 Common Application Security Threats
1.3.4.3 Key Components of Application Security
1.3.4.4 Best Practices for Application Security
1.3.4.5 Benefits of Application Security
1.3.5 Operational Security (OPSEC)
1.3.5.1 Importance of Operational Security
1.3.5.2 Key Components of Operational Security
1.3.5.3 Common Operational Security Threats
1.3.5.4 Best Practices for Operational Security
1.3.5.5 Benefits of Effective Operational Security
1.3.6 Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP)
1.3.6.1 Importance of DRP
1.3.6.2 Core Components of DRP
1.3.6.3 Steps to Develop a DRP
1.3.6.4 Types of Disasters Covered by DRP
1.3.6.5 Tools and Technologies for DRP
1.3.6.6 Challenges in DRP
1.3.6.7 Best Practices for Effective DRP
1.4 Threats
1.4.1 Types of Cyber Security Threats
1.4.2 Threat Actors
1.4.3 Motivations Behind Cyber Security Threats
1.4.4 Emerging Threats
1.4.5 Strategies to Address Cyber Security Threats
1.5 Harm
1.5.1 Types of Harm in Cyber Security
1.5.2 Impact Levels of Harm
1.5.3 Real-World Examples of Cyber Security Harm
1.5.4 Factors Influence Harm Severity
1.5.5 Strategies to Mitigate Harm
1.6 Vulnerabilities
1.6.1 Characteristics of Vulnerabilities
1.6.2 Types of Vulnerabilities
1.6.3 Common Causes of Vulnerabilities
1.6.4 Examples of Vulnerabilities in Real-World Cyber Security Incidents
1.6.5 Methods to Detect and Address Vulnerabilities
1.6.6 Lifecycle of Vulnerability
1.6.7 Strategies to Minimise Vulnerabilities
1.7 Authentication Mechanisms
1.7.1 Types of Authentications
1.7.2 Modern Authentication Protocols
1.8 Access Control
1.8.1 Principles of Access Control
1.8.2 Types of Access Control Models
1.8.3 Access Control Techniques
1.9 Basic Cryptography Concepts
1.9.1 Core Goals of Cryptography
1.9.2 Key Cryptographic Techniques
1.9.3 Common Cryptographic Applications
1.10 Web Attacks in Cyber Security
1.10.1 Common Types of Web Attacks
1.10.2 Emerging Web Attack Trends
1.10.3 General Mitigation Strategies
1.11 Browser attacks
1.11.1 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
1.11.2 Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
1.11.3 Drive-by Downloads
1.11.4 Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks
1.11.5 Phishing
1.11.6 Session Hijacking
1.11.7 Clickjacking
1.12 Network Security Tools
1.12.1 OpenVAS (Open Vulnerability Assessment System)
1.12.1.1 Key Components of OpenVAS
1.12.1.2 Real-Time Scenarios of Using OpenVAS
1.12.1.3 Working model of OpenVAS
1.12.1.4 Benefits of Using OpenVAS
1.12.2 Metasploit
1.12.2.1 Key Components of Metasploit
1.12.2.2 Real-Time Scenarios of Using Metasploit
1.12.2.3 Key Features and Benefits of Metasploit
1.12.3 Netcat (often abbreviated as nc)
1.12.3.1 Key Features of Netcat
1.12.3.2 Real-Time Scenarios of Using Netcat
1.12.3.3 Benefits of Using Netcat
1.12.4 Socat
1.12.4.1 Key Features of Socat
1.12.4.2 Real-Time Scenarios of Using Socat
1.12.4.3 Benefits of Using Socat
1.13 Ransomware
1.13.1 CryptoLocker (2013)
1.13.2 WannaCry (2017)
1.13.3 NotPetya (2017)
1.13.4 Ryuk (2018-Present)
1.13.5 GandCrab (2018-2019)
1.13.6 Maze (2019-2020)
1.13.7 Conti (2020-2022)
1.13.8 REvil (Sodinokibi) (2019-2021)
1.13.9 DarkSide (2020-2021)
1.13.10 LockBit (2020-Present)
2. CYBERSPACE
2.1 Key Features of Cyberspace
2.2 Importance of Cyberspace
2.3 Challenges in Cyberspace
2.4 Regulations in Cyberspace
2.5 Global and Regional Cyber Regulations
2.6 Key Areas of Cyberspace Regulations
2.7 Five Predominant Laws
2.8 Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act)
2.8.1 Additional Noteworthy Sections
2.8.2 Complementary Regulations in India
2.8.3 Other Cyber Security laws in India
2.8.4 National Cyber Security Policy (NCSP) of India (2013)
2.9 Challenges in Enforcing Cyber Regulations
2.10 Future of Cyberspace Regulations
2.11 Cyber Forensics: An Overview
2.11.1 Key Objectives of Cyber Forensics
2.11.2 Steps in Cyber Forensic Investigation
2.11.3 Types of Cyber Forensics
2.11.4 Common Cyber Forensic Tools
2.11.5 Applications of Cyber Forensics
2.11.6 Challenges in Cyber Forensics
2.11.7 Future of Cyber Forensics
2.12 Real-time Examples of how Cyber Forensics
2.12.1 Solving Cybercrime: Ransomware Investigation
2.12.2 Investigating Insider Threats
2.12.3 Solving Financial Fraud
2.12.4 Tracking Cyberstalkers and Online Harassment
2.12.5 Recovering Evidence in Murder Investigations
2.12.6 Countering Terrorism
2.12.7 Intellectual Property Theft
2.12.8 Corporate Data Breach Investigations
2.12.9 Election Interference
2.12.10 Tracking and Arresting Hackers
2.13 Digital Forensics
2.13.1 Key Objectives of Digital Forensics
2.13.2 Branches of Digital Forensics
2.13.3 Processes in Digital Forensics
2.13.4 Digital Forensic Tools
2.13.5 Challenges in Digital Forensics
2.13.6 Case Studies in Digital Forensics
2.13.7 Applications of Digital Forensics
2.14 Network Defense Tools
2.14.1 Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)
2.14.2 Firewalls
2.14.3 Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Tools
2.14.4 Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Tools
2.14.5 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Solutions
2.14.6 Web Application Firewalls (WAF)
2.14.7 Network Monitoring Tools
2.14.8 Anti-Malware and Antivirus Software
2.14.9 Penetration Testing Tools
2.14.10 Data Loss Prevention (DLP) Tools
2.14.11 DNS Protection Tools
2.14.12 Sandboxing Tools
2.14.13 Threat Intelligence Platforms
2.14.14 Email Security Tools
3. ALGORITHMS IN CYBER SECURITY
3.1 Hashing Algorithm
3.1.1 MD5 (Message Digest Algorithm 5)
3.1.2 SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm)
3.1.3 bcrypt
3.1.4 Argon2
3.1.5 Applications of Hashing Algorithms
3.2 Signature Algorithm
3.2.1 RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman)
3.2.1.1 RSA Working Process: A Step-by-Step Breakdown
3.2.1.2 Real-Time Scenario
3.2.1.3 Advantages of RSA
3.2.1.4 Disadvantages of RSA
3.2.2 DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm)
3.2.2.1 How DSA Works: A Step-by-Step Breakdown
3.2.2.2 Real-Time Scenario
3.2.2.3 Advantages of DSA
3.2.2.4 Disadvantages of DSA
3.2.2.5 Comparison with RSA
3.2.3 ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm)
3.2.3.1 ECDSA Working Process Step-by-Step Breakdown
3.2.3.2 Real-Time Scenario
3.2.3.3 Advantages of ECDSA
3.2.3.4 Disadvantages of ECDSA
3.2.4 Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
3.2.4.1 Key Features of EdDSA
3.2.4.2 EdDSA Working Process: Step-by-Step Breakdown
3.2.4.3 Real-Time Scenario: SecureMessaging with Signal Protocol
3.2.4.4 Applications of EdDSA
3.2.5 Real-Time Scenarios and Applications of Signature Algorithms
3.2.6 Advantages of Signature Algorithms
3.2.7 Disadvantages of Signature Algorithms
3.3 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Algorithm (DH)
3.3.1 Key Characteristics of Diffie-Hellman
3.3.2 How Diffie-HellmanWorks: Step-by-Step
3.3.3 Real-Time Scenario: Secure Key Exchange in Messaging Apps
3.3.4 Applications of Diffie-Hellman
3.3.5 Real-World Example: Diffie-Hellman in Action
3.3.6 Strengths of Diffie-Hellman
3.3.7 Weaknesses of Diffie-Hellman
3.4 Twofish Encryption Algorithm
3.4.1 Key Features of Twofish
3.4.2 Twofish Working Process: Step-by-Step
3.4.3 Example
3.4.4 Real-Time Scenarios of Twofish
3.4.5 Advantages of Twofish
3.4.6 Disadvantages of Twofish
3.4.7 Comparison with AES
3.5 Blowfish Encryption Algorithm: In-Depth Explanation
3.5.1 Key Characteristics of Blowfish
3.5.2 How Blowfish Works: Step-by-Step
3.5.3 Advantages of Blowfish
3.5.4 Limitations of Blowfish
3.5.5 Real-Time Scenarios for Blowfish
3.5.6 Comparison with Other Algorithms
3.6 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES): In-Depth Explanation
3.6.1 Key Features of AES
3.6.2 How AESWorks: Step-by-Step
3.6.3 Real-Time Examples of AES
3.6.4 Advantages of AES
3.6.5 Limitations of AES
3.6.6 Comparison with Other Algorithms
3.7 Advanced Algorithms Overview
3.7.1 Post-Quantum Cryptography
3.7.1.1 Steps of Kyber Key Exchange Algorithm
3.7.1.2 Need for QRC?
3.7.1.3 Key Principles of QRC
3.7.1.4 Types of Quantum-Resistant Algorithms
3.7.1.5 Challenges in Quantum-Resistant Cryptography
3.7.1.6 Real-Time Scenario
3.7.1.7 Future Outlook
3.7.2 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
3.7.2.1 Steps of BB84 Protocol (a common QKD algorithm)
3.7.2.2 Core Principles of QKD
3.7.2.3 QKD Working Process: Step-by-Step
3.7.2.4 Popular QKD Protocols
3.7.2.5 Advantages of QKD
3.7.2.6 Challenges and Limitations
3.7.2.7 Real-Time Scenarios and Applications
3.7.2.8 Future of QKD
3.7.3 Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)
3.7.3.1 Steps in a Simple ZKP
3.7.3.2 Key Properties of ZKPs
3.7.3.3 Types of ZKPs
3.7.3.4 Applications of ZKPs
3.7.3.5 Advantages of ZKPs
3.7.3.6 Challenges of ZKPs
3.7.3.7 Real-Time Scenario
3.7.3.8 Future of ZKPs
3.7.4 Homomorphic Encryption
3.7.4.1 Steps of Homomorphic Encryption
3.7.4.2 Key Characteristics of HE
3.7.4.3 Types of Homomorphic Encryption
3.7.4.4 Applications of Homomorphic Encryption
3.7.4.5 Advantages of HE
3.7.4.6 Challenges of HE
3.7.4.7 Popular HE Libraries and Frameworks
3.7.4.8 Real-Time Example
3.7.4.9 Future of Homomorphic Encryption
3.7.5 Polymorphic Malware Detection Algorithm
3.7.5.1 Step-by-Step Polymorphic Malware Detection Algorithm
3.7.5.2 Key Concepts in Polymorphic Malware Detection
3.7.5.3 Real-Time Example: Detecting Polymorphic Ransomware
3.7.6 Zero Trust Architecture
3.7.6.1 Steps to Implement
3.7.6.2 Core Principles of ZTA
3.7.6.3 Technologies Enabling ZTA
3.7.6.4 Advantages of ZTA
3.7.6.5 Challenges in Implementing ZTA
3.7.6.6 Real-Time Example: ZTA in Action
3.7.7 Passwordless Authentication
3.7.7.1 Need for Passwordless Authentication
3.7.7.2 Steps in Passwordless Authentication
3.7.7.3 How Passwordless Authentication Works
3.7.7.4 Advantages of Passwordless Authentication
3.7.7.5 Challenges of Passwordless Authentication
3.7.7.6 Real-Time Use Cases
3.7.7.7 Future of Passwordless Authentication
3.7.8 Case Studies
3.7.8.1 Case Study: AES in Securing Financial Transactions
3.7.8.2 Case Study: RSA for Secure Email Communication
3.7.8.3 Case Study: Diffie-Hellman in VPN Key Exchange
3.7.8.4 Case Study: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) in IoT Security
3.7.8.5 Case Study: SHA-256 in Blockchain for Healthcare Data
3.7.8.6 Case Study: Homomorphic Encryption in Cloud Data Analysis
3.7.8.7 Case Study: Machine Learning for Polymorphic Malware Detection
4. CYBERCRIME, LAW AND INVESTIGATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Evolution of Cybercrime
4.3 Definition
4.4 Types of Cybercrime
4.5 Hacking
4.6 Cyber Attacks: A Comprehensive Overview
4.6.1 Categories of Cyber Attacks
4.6.2 Prevention of Cyber Attacks
4.7 Criminal Behaviour in Cyberspace
4.7.1 Identity Theft
4.7.2 Cyber Fraud
4.7.3 Cyberbullying and Harassment
4.7.4 Hacking
4.7.5 Data Breaches
4.7.6 Cyber Extortion (Ransomware)
4.7.7 Phishing and Spear-Phishing
4.7.8 Cyberstalking
4.7.9 Intellectual Property Theft
4.8 Incident Response and Digital Forensics
4.8.1 Significance of Incident Response
4.8.2 Categories of Cyber Security Incidents
4.8.3 The Incident Response Lifecycle
4.8.4 Incident Response Plan (IRP)
4.8.5 Incident Response Plan vs. Disaster Recovery Plan
4.8.6 Steps to Develop an Incident Response Plan
4.8.7 Digital Forensics in Incident Response
4.8.8 Frameworks and Guidelines for IR
4.8.9 The IR Team Structure
4.8.10 Tools and Technologies for Incident Response
4.8.11 Detection and Prevention of Incidents
4.8.12 Asset Discovery and Risk Management
4.8.13 Security Orchestration, Automation & Response
4.8.14 Third-Party Incident Response Services
4.9 The Role of DFIR in Cyber Security
4.9.1 Incident Detection and Response
4.9.2 Forensic Investigation
4.9.3 Threat Intelligence and Analysis
4.9.4 Malware Analysis and Reverse Engineering
4.9.5 Incident Containment and Recovery
4.10 Application of Digital Forensics in Incident Response
4.11 DFIR — Critical Tool in a Cyber Security Programme
4.12 Benefits of DFIR
4.13 Internet Crime and Legislation
4.13.1 Introduction to Internet Crime
4.13.2 Definition and Scope of Internet Crime
4.13.3 Overview of Cybercrime Evolution
4.13.3.1 The Early Days (1970s – 1980s): The Birth of Cybercrime
4.13.3.2 1990s: The Rise of Computer Viruses and Hacking
4.13.3.3 2000s: Emergence of Sophisticated Cybercrime
4.13.3.4 2010s: Ransomware and Advanced Persistent Threats
4.13.3.5 2020s and Beyond: The Era of Complex Threats
4.13.4 Importance of Internet crime and Legislation
4.13.5 Types of Internet Crime
4.14 Cyber Fraud
4.14.1 Types of Cyber Fraud
4.14.2 Impact of Cyber Fraud
4.14.3 Prevention and Response
4.14.3.1 Identity Theft
4.14.3.2 Phishing and Scams
4.15 Hacking and Unauthorised Access
4.15.1 Definition and Examples of Hacking
4.15.2 Examples of Hacking
4.15.3 Ethical Hacking vs. Illegal Hacking
4.16 Malware and Virus Attacks
4.16.1 Types of Malwares
4.16.2 Case Studies of Significant Malware Attacks
4.17 Online Harassment and Cyberstalking
4.17.1 SocialMedia Harassment
4.17.2 Types of Social Media Harassment
4.17.3 Laws Protecting against Cyber Harassment
4.17.4 Child Exploitation and Abuse
4.17.4.1 Online Grooming and Exploitation
4.17.4.2 Measures for Protecting Children Online
4.18 Intellectual Property Theft
4.18.1 Software Piracy and Digital Content Theft
4.18.2 Copyright Infringement Cases
4.19 Cyberterrorism
4.19.1 Defining Cyberterrorism
4.19.2 Real-World Examples of Cyberterrorism Incidents
4.20 Common Methods Used in Internet Crime
4.20.1 Social Engineering Techniques
4.20.2 Phishing, Baiting, Pretexting
4.21 Botnets and Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
4.21.1 Structure of Botnets
4.21.2 Impact of DDoS Attacks on Businesses and Infrastructure
4.22 Cryptojacking
4.22.1 How Cryptocurrencies are Exploited
4.23 Legislation and Legal Frameworks in Cybercrime
4.23.1 International Legal Frameworks
4.23.1.1 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime
4.23.1.2 UN initiatives on Internet Crime Regulation
4.23.2 Country-Specific Laws
4.23.2.2 EU’s GDPR Implications for Cybercrime
4.23.2.3 Cyber laws In Other Major Jurisdictions
4.23.3 Challenges in Creating Unified Cyber Laws
4.23.3.1 Jurisdictional Issues in International Cases
4.23.3.2 Differences in Data Privacy Laws
4.24 Investigation and Prosecution of Cybercrimes
4.24.1 Role of Cyber Forensics
4.24.1.1 Tools andMethods Used in Cyber Investigations
4.24.1.2 Challenges in Collecting Digital Evidence
4.24.2 Law Enforcement Agencies and Cybercrime Units
4.24.2.1 FBI’s Cyber Division
4.24.2.2 Interpol’s Cybercrime Initiatives
4.24.3 Prosecuting Cybercrime Cases
4.24.3.1 Challenges in Prosecuting Due to Anonymity and Encryption
4.24.3.2 Case Studies of Notable Cybercrime Prosecutions
4.25 Preventive Measures and Best Practices
4.25.1 Personal Protection Strategies
4.25.1.1 Strong Password Policies and Multi-Factor Authentication
4.25.1.2 Best Practices for Safe Browsing and Data Protection
4.25.2 Organisational Cybersecurity Measures
4.25.2.1 Importance of Cyber Security Frameworks like ISO/IEC 27001
4.25.2.2 The Role of Cyber Security Training for Employees
4.25.3 Government and Public Awareness Campaigns
4.25.3.1 Notable Cyber Security Awareness Programs
4.25.3.2 Public Education Towards Internet Crime
4.26 Emerging Trends in Cybercrime
4.26.1 Artificial Intelligence andMachine Learning in Cybercrime
4.26.1.1 Usage of AI for Sophisticated Phishing and Fraud
4.26.2 Deepfake Technology
4.26.2.1 Effect of Deepfakes in Fraud and Misinformation
4.26.3 Rising Threat of Cyber Espionage
4.26.3.1 Nation-State Actors and Political Motivations
4.27 Future of Cybercrime Legislation
4.27.1 Technological Advancements and Legal Adaptation
4.27.1.1 Impact of Quantum Computing on Cyber Security Laws
4.27.2 Potential Reforms in Cybercrime Laws
4.27.2.1 Suggestions for More Harmonised International Cooperation
4.27.3 Balancing Privacy and Security
4.27.3.1 Debates Around Data Encryption and Government Surveillance
4.28 Incident Response Best Practices
4.28.1 Incident Response Plan
4.28.2 Who Handles Incident Response?
4.28.3 Importance of Effective Incident Response
4.28.4 Six Phases of the Incident Response Lifecycle
4.29 Malware
4.29.1 Evolution of Malware
4.29.2 Purpose Behind Malware Development
4.29.3 Common Uses of Malware
4.29.4 Methods of Malware Propagation
4.29.5 Preventing Ransomware Attacks
4.29.6 Indian Government Cyber Security Measures
5. SCAMS IN CYBER SECURITY
5.1 Introduction to Cyber Scams
5.1.1 Characteristics of Cyber Scams
5.1.2 Cyber Scams — Growing Threat
5.1.3 Common Objectives
5.1.4 Impact of Cyber Scams
5.1.5 Examples of Cyber Scams
5.1.6 The Importance of Awareness
5.2 Cyber Security Essentials: Spotting and Preventing Online Threats
5.2.1 Understanding Spam
5.2.2 Online Scams
5.2.3 Identity Spoofing
5.2.4 Website and Browser Hoaxes
5.3 Common Cyber Scams
5.3.1 Advance Fee Scams
5.3.2 Lottery, Sweepstakes, and Competition Frauds
5.3.3 Romance and Dating Scams
5.3.4 Computer and Email Hacking
5.3.5 Online Shopping, Classified, and Auction Fraud
5.3.6 Bank, Credit Card, and Online Account Scams
5.3.7 Small Business Frauds
5.3.8 Employment and Job Offer Scams
5.3.9 Investment and Gambling Fraud
5.3.10 Fake Charities and Medical Scams
5.4 Financial Scams
5.4.1 Financial Crime, Fraud, and Cyber Operations
5.4.2 From Collaboration to Holistic Unification
5.4.2.1 Collaborative Model
5.4.2.2 Partially Integrated Model
5.4.2.3 Unified Model
5.4.3 The Imperative of Integration
5.4.3.1 Strategic Prevention: Threat Prediction and Controls
5.4.3.2 Efficiencies of Scale and Processes
5.4.3.3 Data, Automation, and Analytics
5.4.3.4 Customer Experience and Digital Trust
5.5 Phishing
5.5.1 Types of Phishing Attacks
5.5.2 Prevention of Phishing Attacks
5.5.3 Detection of Phishing Attacks
5.6 Common Cyber Frauds and Preventive Measures
5.6.1 Phishing Links
5.6.2 Vishing Calls (Voice Phishing)
5.6.3 Fraud on Online Sales Platforms
5.6.4 Frauds Through Unknown Mobile Apps
5.6.5 ATM Card Skimming
5.6.6 SIM Swap/Cloning
5.6.7 Frauds Through Search Engines
5.6.8 Scam Through QR Code Scanning
5.6.9 Fake Loan Advertisements
5.6.10 SMS/Email/Instant Messaging/Call Scams
5.7 Social Engineering Attacks
5.7.1 Social Engineering Attacks
5.7.2 Types of Social Engineering Attacks
5.7.2.1 Phishing
5.7.2.2 Baiting
5.7.2.3 Tailgating
5.7.2.4 Pretexting
5.7.2.5 Quid Pro Quo
5.7.2.6 Scareware
5.7.2.7 Watering Hole Attacks
5.7.3 Examples of Well-Known Social Engineering Incidents
5.7.3.1 The Trojan Horse
5.7.3.2 The RSA Data Breach (2011)
5.7.3.3 The Target Data Breach (2013)
5.7.3.4 Mispadu Malware Spread via FakeMcDonald’s Ads
5.7.4 Ways to Prevent Social Engineering Attacks
5.7.5 Why Do Cybercriminals Use Social Engineering?
5.7.6 How Does Social Engineering Work?
5.7.7 Six Principles of Influence Exploited in Social Engineering
5.8 Common Scams in E-Commerce
5.8.1 E-Commerce Fraud: An Overview
5.8.2 Why E-Commerce Fraud is So Widespread?
5.8.3 Common Types of E-Commerce Fraud
5.8.3.1 Traditional Credit Card Fraud
5.8.3.2 Card Testing Fraud
5.8.3.3 Chargeback (Friendly) Fraud
5.8.3.4 Account Takeover (ATO) Fraud
5.8.3.5 Refund Fraud
5.8.3.6 Triangulation Fraud
5.8.3.7 Interception Fraud
5.8.4 Warning Signs of E-Commerce Fraud
5.8.5 Safeguarding Against E-Commerce Fraud
5.8.6 Practical Steps to Prevent E-Commerce Fraud
5.8.6.1 Conduct Regular Security Audits
5.8.6.2 Use a Reliable Fraud Detection System
5.8.6.3 Enforce CVV Verification
5.8.6.4 Use HTTPS for Data Security
5.8.6.5 Set Purchase Limits
5.8.6.6 Decline Invalid Shipping Addresses
5.8.6.7 Be Selective about Data Collection
5.9 Cryptocurrency Scams
5.9.1 Ponzi Scheme
5.9.1.1 How a Ponzi Scheme Operates
5.9.1.2 Legal Status of Ponzi Schemes
5.9.1.3 Ponzi Scheme vs. Pyramid Scheme: Key Differences
5.9.1.4 Warning Signs of Ponzi Schemes
5.9.1.5 Notable Ponzi Scheme Cases
5.9.1.5.1 Bernie Madoff Scheme:
5.9.1.5.2 DC Solar Fraud
5.9.1.5.3 George Santos and Harbor City Capital
5.9.1.5.4 “Texas Preacher” Scam (Doc Gallagher)
5.9.1.5.5 OneCoin Cryptocurrency Scam
5.9.2 Cryptocurrency Frauds
5.9.3 Rug Pull
5.9.3.1 How Rug Pulls Work
5.9.3.2 The Rug Pull
5.9.3.3 Causes of Rug Pulls and Crypto Scams
5.9.4 Fake ICOs
5.9.4.1 Modern Tech (Pincoin & iFan Scam)
5.9.4.2 PlexCoin
5.9.4.3 Benebit
5.9.4.4 Bitconnect
5.9.4.5 Centra Tech