In today’s rapidly evolving landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), the ability to analyze data, handle uncertainty, and make informed decisions has become essential. Industries across business, technology, healthcare, and finance rely on data-driven insights, making a strong foundation in Probability and Statistics vital for academic and professional success.
This book, Probability and Statistics, is specially designed for BCA II Semester students to provide a clear, systematic, and application-oriented understanding of core statistical concepts. This book covers the essential foundations of Statistics, including its meaning, scope, and practical importance. It introduces key tools of Descriptive Statistics for organizing and summarizing data and explores the basic principles of Probability and uncertainty. The concepts of Random Variables and major Probability Distributions such as Binomial, Poisson, and Normal are presented in a simple manner. Students are also guided through Correlation and Regression for understanding relationships between variables, along with important Small Sample Tests like the t-test, chi-square test, and F-test for statistical inference.
This book presents the subject in a student-friendly, simplified, and practice-oriented manner, supported by solved examples, illustrations, and exercises for effective learning.
Contents –
UNIT 1: Introduction
UNIT 2: Descriptive Statistics
UNIT 3(A): Probability
UNIT 3(B): Conditional Probability
UNIT 4: Random Variable and Probability Distribution
UNIT 5: Correlation, Regression Analysis and Small Sample Tests
